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Septic shock is a critical condition characterized by systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction due to infection, leading to high mortality rates. The management of septic shock requires a multifaceted approach that includes early recognition, hemodynamic stabilization, antimicrobial therapy, and...

The management of violent patients in psychiatric settings often necessitates the use of chemical restraints, which are pharmacological agents administered to mitigate aggressive or agitated behaviors. The effectiveness of these strategies is a subject of ongoing research, with various studies...

Pre-oxygenation is a critical step in the management of critically ill patients prior to intubation, aimed at minimizing the risk of hypoxemia during the procedure. The effectiveness of various pre-oxygenation strategies has been the subject of extensive research, highlighting the importance of...

In the management of acute hyponatremia, particularly in cases where patients present with serious signs or symptoms, the administration of hypertonic saline is a crucial intervention. The goal of using hypertonic saline is to raise the serum sodium levels gradually to avoid complications such as...

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a crucial intervention in cases of cardiac arrest, significantly impacting patient survival rates. However, the administration of CPR, particularly chest compressions, can lead to various injuries, with rib and sternal fractures being common complications....

Advanced airway management, such as endotracheal intubation (ETI) or supraglottic airway (SGA) insertion, is a crucial aspect of cardiac arrest resuscitation (Benoit et al., 2015). Recent recommendations from the American Heart Association and the International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary...

Bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation is a crucial technique in emergency situations for providing manual ventilation to patients with respiratory distress. However, failures in BVM ventilation can occur due to incorrect rates, pressures, and volumes applied during the procedure. Several studies...

Heat exhaustion is a serious condition that can result from exposure to high temperatures, leading to symptoms such as dehydration, electrolyte disorders, and acute renal failure (Knowlton et al., 2009). It is crucial to differentiate heat exhaustion from more severe conditions like heat stroke,...

Heat exhaustion can result from inadequate fluid intake, leading to dehydration and increased core temperatures (Hubbard et al., 1984). The choice between oral or intravenous (IV) fluids for treating heat exhaustion depends on the individual's hydration and perfusion status (Macintire, 2008)....